Records determined by Nicholas Wightman

Originally collected in hot dry degraded woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Originally collected in hot dry degraded woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Originally collected in hot dry degraded woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Originally collected in hot dry degraded woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Growing in rocky/stony sandy soil amongst grasses and Xerophyta sp. in undisturbed miombo woodland

Chikanda is a local Zambian foodstuff made from the dried ground tubers of a range of terrestrial orchids in the genera Disa, Habenaria, Satyrium, Brachycorythis and Platycoryne

Cultivated at Dabuyu farms from material collected in Kalongosola village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province

Plants can often be found in areas prone to annual fires

Close up of the flower showing the green central band on each tepal

Bulb showing the fibrous neck.

Abnormally tall forms

Mature bulbs displaying long neck

The pure white flowers open about an hour after sunset.

By the first morning, the flowers have developed a slight pink tinge.

The inflorescence sometimes opens in succession leading to a contrast of the new and old flowers.

The infructescence develops quickly after fertilization producing sometimes dozens of seeds.

Seeds are irregular in shape due to their development and can range from pea-sized to over 1cm across.

The inflorescence begins to open in the early evening and the spadix emits a carrion-like odour to attract pollinators

Fully expanded flower shedding pollen the morning after the inflorescence first opened.

Inflorescences can appear from late October through to late December.

Fully expanded leaf with ripening seedhead.

Ripening berries can range in colour from orange to red and are dispersed by birds such as Bulbils.

The berries generally contain 1 to 2 seeds which are recalcitrant and germinate within several weeks from ripening.

The tubers are generally roundish to depressed globose depending on age and produce rhizomatous offsets as a means of vegetative propagation.

Frequent component of the woodland understorey growing amongst grasses, sedges and forbs in loam soils.

Growing in exposed edge of roadside verge in sandy gravelly loam soils

Growing amid sparse grasses and forbs in open miombo woodland in sandy loam soil

Growing in seepage areas over moss covered rocks in permanently shaded areas

Growing in rocky escarpment Brachystegia woodland in sandy to sandy loam soils

Growing in small open/deciduous patches within Itigi thicket in sandy loam soil

Growing amid grasses in sandy loam soil

Growing in open miombo woodland in sandy loam soils

Growing in disturbed miombo woodland in sandy loam soils

Growing in open, hot areas of savannah grassland in sandy loam soils

Tubers of this species are possibly used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Tubers of this species are possibly used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Small population of albino flowered plants amid regular purple flowered plants

In low rocky outcrop in miombo woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Growing along streamside at the margins of riverine forest in sandy to sandy loam soils

The thin pods split along a the edge to release the narrow seeds, each with a tuft of hair to aid dispersion

The tubers are roundish to discoid in shape usually with a projection from the centre where the annual stems emerge.

Tubers appear to be stoloniferous in habit

The fleshy roots emerge from a short rhizome

Clumped habit

Single habit

Plant found growing in riverine habitat

Close up of the dense inflorescence

Plant with immature seedpods found growing just above a drainage basin of the Munali Hills

The indistinct rhizome with numerous stout tuberous roots

Growing in exposed rocky outcrops amid grasses in sandy soil

Growing in miombo woodland in sandy clay loam soils

Erect shrubs c. 2-3 m tall growing in seasonally dry ravines in lake basin chipya woodland near landfill site

Growing on periphery of large rocky outcrop of miombo woodland in sandy loam soil

Growing on periphery of large rocky outcrop of miombo woodland in sandy loam soil

Growing in an open area at the base of escarpment woodland on edge of drainage channel in clay loam soils

The vertical rhizome can reach over 30cm in length and 2.5cm wide but are brittle and easily broken

Developing rhizomes adapt to obstacles during growth and can become misshapen.

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material originally collected at Kachubwa village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material originally collected at Kachubwa village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material originally collected at Kachubwa village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material originally collected at Kachubwa village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu farms from C. spectabilis material collected in Kachubwa village, Katete Distr., Eastern Province and C. macranthus material sourced from Protea Hill Farm, Lusaka Distr., Lusaka Province

Growing amongst grasses and forbs in open area of munga woodland in sandy loam - Red arrows show the linear to filiform stipules

Growing in sandy upper bank along Lukulu River in open sparse woodland

Growing in wooded grassland in clay loam soil

Growing in disturbed miombo woodland in sandy loam soils

Widespread in woodland understory climbing over herbs and shrubs

Occasional component of woodland understorey growing amongst grasses, sedges and forbs in loam soils.

Naturally growing in the plant nursery section of Dabuyu Farms, Lilayi, Lusaka

Old plant growing at low level on base of trunk in rocky outcrop

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms, Plot 67, Farm 401a Lilayi, Lusaka

Occasional component of woodland understorey growing amongst grasses, sedges and forbs in loam soils.

Tubers of this species are used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Tubers of this species are used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Large open perennially wet dambo grassland growing in black muck soils

Tubers of this species are used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Confirmed species harvest for the Chikanda trade

Confirmed species harvest for the Chikanda trade

Growing in leaf litter over granite boulders

Mature bulbs are loose with easily separated scales (which can be used for propagation) though they produce enough seed that it is usually not needed

The inflorescence appears in July to August as the cool dry season transitions into the hot dry season.

The linear leaves appear with the arrival of the rains and are an attractive bluish green colour.

The black papery winged seeds ripen before the rains and are wind distributed.

Original location:Lat:-13.306722, Long:25.086128 Zambian prov. Nw, Altitude:1190

Occasional component of woodland understorey growing amongst grasses, sedges and forbs in loam soils.

Growing on the periphery of large termitaria in clay loam

Growing in disturbed miombo woodland in sandy loam soils

Growing in riverside grassland edge amidst Pandanus livingstonianus

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms in Lilayi to flower for identification

Lightly degraded Brachystegia woodland in compacted sandy loam soil

Open wooded grassland in sandy loam soil

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from seed collected in Shimabala, Kafue Distr., Lusaka Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms, Plot 67, Farm 401a Lilayi, Lusaka

Growing naturally on Dabuyu Farms, Lusaka Distr., Lusaka Province

Growing naturally on Dabuyu Farms, Lusaka Distr., Lusaka Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material collected on Shantumbu Rd., Lilayi, Lusaka Province

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material originally colllected by Mike Bingham in Lutomfwa in 2006

Flowers usually open singulary on each branch.

Growing naturally at Dabuyu Farms in lightly shaded areas of munga woodland

Growing on edge of material quarry used for roads and rail construction

Tubers of this species are possibly used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations may be threatened by overharvesting.

Tubers of this species are possibly used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations may be threatened by overharvesting.

Picture showing the rostellum mid-lobe standing in front of the anthers.

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms from material collected at Namutoya

Tubers of this species are used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Tubers of this species are possibly used in the preparation of a local Zambian dish called Chikanda with wild populations threatened by overharvesting.

Cultivated at Dabuyu Farms, Lilayi

Growing in exposed rocky outcrops amid grasses in sandy soil

Plant found growing near a seepage area by farm roadside

Growing in miombo woodland in sandy loam soils

Flowers usually emerge before the leaves and open on sunny days and remain closed on overcast days.

An individual plant can produce numerous inflorescences even after the emergence of the leaves.

The rhizomes produce thick contractile roots but are not usually buried very deep below the soil surface.

Growing on rock cliff beside Muzinga Falls

Growing in submerged sections of riverside dambo

Growing on various reaches of sand dunes with signs of regularly being burnt back

Growing in miombo woodland in sandy clay loam soils

Growing on upper reached of sand dune among Crinum papilllosum and Trachyandra arvensis

Mottled and solid green leaved plants growing together in habitat

Close up of the dense inflorescence

Growing amid sparse grasses and forbs in open miombo woodland in sandy loam soil

Undisturbed miombo woodland growing in sandy loam soil

Undisturbed miombo woodland growing in sandy loam soil